Teaching Receptive Skills - A Subskills Approach


Does the approach to teaching reading and listening currently used in the majority of textbooks really help our learners? This article includes materials from our Delta Module Two course which first address this question and then go on to look in more detail at an alternative - using a subskills approach. And as many of the subskills involved in the two receptive skills are relevant to both, why not teach them together? 

A big thank you to Diana, Oana and Erica - the participants in the seminar - for giving me permission to use the filmclips.

Part One - The Standard Approach

The film for Part One is split into two clips, which together last about an hour. You can't see the slides very well on the clips, so you can look at them here while you watch. Click on the blue links (not the photo) to see both the slides and the filmclips.





Part Two - A Reading Lesson

If you've watched the first part of the Delta Module Two seminar above, you'll have seen that I argued that the common pre-, while and post- approach to listening and reading was a useful, but not sufficient, strategy for teaching these skills.  The seminar then argued that approaching the skills through focusing on the development of subskills is not only a necessary addition but, when the subskills overlap, also often  allows us to integrate the teaching of the two skills.

In the second part of this seminar, after summarising the previous part, we look at a lesson that takes this approach, teaching the subskills of 
a)  inferring non-explicitly stated meaning, and...
b) inferring the meaning of unknown words. 

It is based around some lesson materials which you can find here: Lesson materials. You are welcome to use these in the classroom.

Click on the link (not the photo) to listen to the recorded presentation from the seminar the seminar, which lasts  about 32 minutes in total.




Part Three - A Listening Lesson

These two subskills are equally relevant to listening, but listening has to be done in real-time and is therefore more difficult. The speaker says something and then immediately moves on or expects an answer or other contribution from the listener. Where subskills overlap, initial presentation and practice through reading is therefore easier for the learners, who have the chance to look at the text several times to identify the "clues". However, once this has been done and the subskill acquired, the same approach can be taken in a listening lesson.

The lesson in the following lesson plan does this. It presumes the subskill of inferring non-explicitly stated meaning has already been taught through reading - as in the materials above - and asks the learners to transfer it to listening. Of course, not all subskills are transversal in this way, so the lesson also introduces another which is not relevant to reading and therefore can only be taught through listening - the use of fillers and hesitation devices in spoken discourse. But again, the idea of transversal application is present: the learners need to understand these items when listening, but also use them when speaking.

The story in the listening is based on an idea from Colin Mortimer (1980), Dramatic Monologues for Listening Comprehension, CUP. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the book so can't use the original text, but the idea for the story was his (if after 40 years I've remembered it correctly!) while this version and the way it is used is mine. Again, you are welcome to use it in the classroom.





Highly Recommended Reading

Richards, J.  Listening Comprehension: Approach, Design and Procedure, from The Context of Language Teaching CUP 


The plan and film of another listening lesson taking a subskills approach is included in our Delta Module Two Preparatory Programme. It focuses on phonological subskills which can block understanding if not taught explicitly on the course. Click on the link for details of how you can access the programme.




Language Matters - Genre Analysis: Customer Reviews

Below you will find eight customer reviews of tourist attractions in the UK taken from tripadvisor.com

Can you identify one feature of content and at least four of language which are typical of the genre. You can consider them “typical” if you can exemplify them with extracts from           at least three of the extracts

Scroll down past the reviews to find  the Suggested Answer

1)  Greenwich, London

An interesting part of London I'd missed on previous trips.

Was tired after an overnight flight and wanted somewhere new to navigate while I tried to stay away to acclimate to the time change. Greenwich hit the spot. Lovely college town feel, lots of places to stop for meals or tea or an ale, depending on your wants and the time of day. Didn't go in to any, but there are lots of interesting spots to explore, including the Cutty Sark, the Royal Naval Observatory and the Maritime College. We also saw cute little street markets, the Prime Meridian and various monuments and architecturally interesting homes and businesses. Definitely plan to return on a future trip to spend more time. The views from the park are fantastic, as are the people  we got to speak with along the way.

2)  Lancaster Castle

Worth a detour. Not to be missed if staying in the city

This is a foreboding place at the best of times. On a dismal January day, it looks particularly grim. All the better for it too.

You need to join a guided tour. The downside of which is that the hour-long tour does not give  enough time to properly read all the information boards along the way.

The upside is that the guide was both amusing and incredibly knowledgeable about the history of   the castle. And what a history that is. The more squeamish might want to miss the descriptions of some of the punishments handed out here and some of the exhibits leave little to the imagination about the horrors of being incarcerated in here. Particularly those unfortunate ones who were not going to get out alive.

It is still a working court - both civil and criminal and we get to see the courtrooms and hear some of the more amusing/interesting tales of times gone by. At the end, there is the option of being locked in one of the dungeons. Another interesting experience.

Well worth an hour of anyone's time.

3)  Hampton Court

A must-see location

Hampton Court is one of the real must-see locations. It is easily possible to fill a day here.

On the outside, the views of the place, gardens and river are amazing. Inside, the royal apartments, the art gallery, the great hall, the Tudor kitchens etc. are stunning. In the high season (tourist months), they have guides dressed in detailed historical costumes and they fire up the kitchens to give people a taste of the unusual flavours of the time. On a previous visit, I got a drink      of spiced chocolate, the way it was served when it first arrived in the country.

Transport to the palace is pretty good - there is a car park (though this is probably the worst way of      getting there, given the local roads); there is a railway station right next to the bridge and only a short walk from the palace entrance (Hampton Court service from London Waterloo - 40 minutes); if you've got plenty of time, you can also take a boat from Richmond, Kingston, Kew or, if you have  all day, Westminster.

Access and facilities are reasonable, though some bits are tricky because the building is so old.

4)  Loch Ness

Amazing Place! Must see place.

Loch Ness was a wonderful place to visit. We had to travel over 3 hours to get there but it was well worth the drive! We ate in the little café next to the Nessie tour bus station. Delicious food made on site. The tour guide was really knowledgeable, about Nessie of course but also about local wildlife and local features, he kept us really entertained. He let the children in the party steer the boat for a  short time each and kept them entertained with Nessie sightings throughout the tour. The whole place is beautifully atmospheric. The views of the castle were also stunning from the boat, really gave you a sense of how it would have been for invaders to look up to this formidable structure.

Such a romantic place, will definitely go back. We did not get to see Nessie herself :( but I am sure     she was just being camera shy.

5)  York Minster

It’s York Minster...What Else Could You Want?

This building is a true testament to greatness. Absolutely stunning piece of living history right in the centre of an already beautiful city packed with an unbelievable amount of surviving history. Free guided tours nearly every hour (until 3 PM) and incomparable stained glass and architecture.

The Tower offers STUNNING views, but DO NOT attempt unless you are 1000% sure you can make it. It’s even narrower and intense than you might imagine and getting down is as hard as getting up.

As of this writing, the Undercroft exhibition was closed, which is unfortunate as it is one of the best       places to see Roman remains in the city.

The only complaint I have is of the tour. The tours, while included, focus almost entirely on the stained glass. As someone who was there specifically for the Wars of the Roses / Tudor related      history, it was terribly disappointing, as the guide was unable to answer any of my questions, including a question regarding a shield that contained the Three Suns of York and another question about obvious (though small) destruction that occurred during the Reformation.

 

Overall, however, the building does most of the work. You’ll be absolutely gobsmacked by the  CENTURIES of history and the unparalleled architecture. 10/10.

 

Note: York Minster also contains the only memorial for the WOMEN of the Commonwealth that  died in WWI. All their names can be found inscribed in the North Transept.


6)  Kew Gardens

Gorgeous & Interesting - worth the short trip out of London

The Royal Botanic Gardens, affectionately known as Kew, is worth a visit, but even after many, there'll always be more to see. You can take the lift (or stairs!) to the tree top walkway where you can look down on the extraordinary variety of trees, take in the astonishing range of colour and also get an overview of the wealth of natural beauty on display. The Pagoda is currently being renovated so this is your only aerial view. You can visit The Hive to see and learn about the work of bees, the Palm House and Queen Charlotte's Cottage. There's a picture gallery and ponds with a variety of wild life from swans to Egyptian geese. You might also meet a stunning peacock or two. There are several different places to eat and if you're with young children, a visit to Climbers &    Creepers - an indoor play area - is a must. Just outside it there's a playground, too. My most recent     visit was a tour and talk on Kew's activities during WWII. Check the web site for current talks and tours. It's been said that Kew is expensive to enter compared to wonderful 'free' London parks. It's fair comment, but unfair criticism. Qualified and knowledgeable staff work on ecology, research plant and tree diseases, and develop methods for cure and preservation. Their work is world class and widely shared. Even the profit from what you spend when you eat goes towards such development. And it's by the fabulous River Thames! Easy to reach by rail, tube or bus, but not boat.

7)  The British Museum

Don’t bite off more than your brain can manage!

This museum is awesome in the truest sense of the word. There is so much here that we have found it more satisfying to restrict our visits to a couple of exhibitions. The new Asian exhibition is a wonderful experience. We don’t know much at all about the artefacts but learned a little as we walked around. Mostly we came away with an enormous respect for the cultures and their artists. Just to see the real thing, right there in front of you, is enough to give shivers down the back. The Business of Printing was our second choice. Fascinated by the process and again, seeing the actual article. Wow, and we didn’t pay a thing to see either. Thanks British Museum.

8)  The Gower Coast (Wales)

A gentle start to visiting the Gower beaches!

I'm not the type to slip into walking boots, wear a Cagoule and carry 2 daft walking sticks! I like to visit places where there are opportunities for a nice coffee on route. If you feel the same try this gentle but scenic introduction to the coast......

Firstly park on Rotherslade road, just outside Mumbles. Here the parking is free !

Walk down to the first cove where you can enjoy your first break with views of the sea. Walk along  the footpath to Langland bay. There are other places here too to have refreshments if you wish.

Langland is pretty with its beach huts but the parking a tad expensive. Follow the coastal path to  Caswell, another beautiful bay. (& yet another coffee should you wish!) The coastal path offers a beautiful first glimpse to what the Gower can offer. Once enthused, research other parts but beware you may find it difficult to find things open if visiting out of season.


Suggested answer

1. Content

a)  Indications of how to reach the place. Examples :

3: Transport to the palace is pretty good - there is a car park (though this is probably the worst way of getting there, given the local roads); there is a railway station right next to the bridge and only a short walk from the palace entrance (Hampton Court service from London Waterloo - 40 minutes); if you've got plenty of time, you can also take a boat from Richmond, Kingston, Kew or, if you have all day, Westminster.

6. Easy to reach by rail, tube or bus, but not boat.

8. Firstly park on Rotherslade Road, just outside Mumbles

b)  Indications of what there is to see there. Examples :

1. We also saw cute little street markets, the Prime Meridian and various monuments and architecturally interesting homes and businesses.

3. Inside, the royal apartments, the art gallery, the great hall, the Tudor kitchens etc. are stunning.

6. There's a picture gallery and ponds with a variety of wild life from swans to Egyptian geese.

c)  Reference to the characteristics and capability of the staff

3.  …they have guides dressed in detailed historical costumes

4.  The tour guide was really knowledgeable, he kept us really entertained.

5.  …the guide was unable to answer any of my questions

6.  Qualified and knowledgeable staff work on ecology, research…


2. Language

 a)  Frequent use of ellipsis - Examples:

1. (I) Was tired after an overnight flight…

2. (Lancaster Castle is) Worth a detour. (It is) Not to be missed if (you are) staying in the city.

7. (We were) Fascinated by the process…


b)  Use of informal lexis and lexical chunks. Examples

1. …hit the spot     2. The downside / upside… 5. gobsmacked     7. Wow / awesome 8. daft / a tad


c)  Frequent use of evaluative adjectives. Examples :

3.  amazing / stunning / reasonable / tricky

5.  stunning / beautiful / incomparable / unfortunate / disappointing / unparalleled

6.  gorgeous / interesting / extraordinary / astonishing / stunning /

 

d)  which are often intensified by adverbs. Examples :

2. …the guide was incredibly knowledgeable

4.  The tour guide was really knowledgeable

5.   Absolutely stunning piece of living history / it was terribly disappointing

3. Transport to the palace is pretty good.

 

e)  Frequent occurrence of proper nouns.... Examples:

1. …including the Cutty Sark, the Royal Naval Observatory and the Maritime College.

5.  As someone who was there specifically for the Wars of the Roses / Tudor related history, it was  terribly disappointing

6.   You can visit The Hive to see and learn about the work of bees, the Palm House and Queen Charlotte's Cottage

 

f)  Written in the first person (singular or plural)… Examples:

4.  We had to travel over 3 hours to get there

5.  The only complaint I have is of the tour

8. I'm not the type to slip into walking boots,


g)  and often addresses the reader directly using you and your

2. You need to join a guided tour

5. You’ll be absolutely gobsmacked

8. …where you can enjoy your first break